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Sources

Every source on GeoBusinessIQ is a publisher landing page. Specific data-point URLs will be added over time. If a claim on the site is not traceable to a source listed here, that is a bug — please open an issue.

Data reviewed 2026-06-23 across 89 data records (earliest ). Each source below notes what it covers and why it is used.

For image and visual provenance, see visual attributions.

Accounting and Corporate Regulatory Authority

  • ACRA — Singapore company registry (accessed )
    Covers: Singapore company incorporation via BizFile, the register of companies, and corporate compliance.
    Why used: Official reference for Singapore private-company-limited-by-shares (Pte Ltd) registration and obligations.

Agencia Tributaria

Autoridade Tributária e Aduaneira

Belastingdienst

Bundesministerium der Finanzen

  • Federal Ministry of Finance — Germany (accessed )— Primary German federal reference for corporate income tax (Körperschaftsteuer), solidarity surcharge, and trade tax (Gewerbesteuer).

Canada Revenue Agency

Companies House

  • UK Companies House — company registration (accessed )
    Covers: UK company incorporation, the public register of companies, and annual filing obligations.
    Why used: Primary official reference for UK private-limited-company registration and filing.

Corporations Canada (ISED)

  • Corporations Canada (accessed )
    Covers: Federal incorporation in Canada and the federal corporations register administered by ISED.
    Why used: Official reference for Canadian federal incorporation and corporate filing obligations.

Czech Ministry of Justice

  • Czech public register (Veřejný rejstřík) (accessed )
    Covers: Czech commercial register entries for companies including the s.r.o. and their public filings.
    Why used: Official reference for Czech limited-liability-company (s.r.o.) registration and register entries.

Delaware Division of Corporations

  • Delaware Division of Corporations (accessed )
    Covers: Formation and maintenance of Delaware LLCs and corporations, the common U.S. state of incorporation for startups.
    Why used: Official reference for Delaware LLC and C-corporation formation and franchise-tax obligations.

Direction Générale des Finances Publiques

European Commission

  • European Commission — policy and country information (accessed ; reviewed )
    Covers: EU policy framework including the VAT One-Stop-Shop and single-market rules.
    Why used: Used for EU/EEA market-access and VAT-OSS framing referenced across rankings and guides.

European Payments Council

  • SEPA schemes (European Payments Council) (accessed )
    Covers: Single Euro Payments Area (SEPA) credit transfer and direct debit schemes for euro payments.
    Why used: Official reference for SEPA scope and how euro-area bank transfers operate.

Eurostat

  • Eurostat — official statistics of the European Union (accessed ; reviewed )
    Covers: EU-harmonised VAT rates and economic statistics for EU/EEA member states.
    Why used: Used for EU VAT and member-state economic figures where an EU-harmonised series is preferable.

Federal Tax Authority of the United Arab Emirates

Finanční správa ČR

Government of Poland

Guichet unique des formalités des entreprises (INPI)

  • French company formalities portal (guichet unique) (accessed )
    Covers: France's single-window portal for company formation and business formalities, operated by INPI.
    Why used: Official reference for French company (SAS/SASU/SARL) registration formalities.

HM Revenue & Customs

  • HM Revenue & Customs — UK Corporation Tax (accessed ; reviewed )
    Covers: UK Corporation Tax rates and rules.
    Why used: Primary-authority reference for the United Kingdom corporate tax rate in the dataset.

Handelsregister

  • German commercial register (Handelsregister) (accessed )
    Covers: Germany's commercial register of companies, including GmbH and UG entities and their filings.
    Why used: Official reference for German limited-liability-company (GmbH/UG) registration and register entries.

Inland Revenue Authority of Singapore

Maksu- ja Tolliamet

Ministerstvo financí ČR

Ministerstwo Finansów Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej

Ministry of Finance of the United Arab Emirates

Netherlands Chamber of Commerce (KVK)

  • KVK — Dutch business register (accessed )
    Covers: Dutch business registration and the trade register (Handelsregister) maintained by KVK.
    Why used: Official reference for Dutch private-limited-company (BV) registration and register obligations.

OECD

  • OECD — economic and tax statistics (accessed ; reviewed )
    Covers: Comparable corporate tax, statutory rate, and economic indicators across member and partner economies.
    Why used: Used as a cross-country baseline to sanity-check rates against primary tax-authority figures.

PayPal

  • PayPal Business — products and availability (accessed )
    Covers: PayPal business accounts, checkout, and payment products and their country availability.
    Why used: Official reference for PayPal business product availability and supported markets.

Polish Ministry of Justice

  • National Court Register (KRS) (accessed )
    Covers: Poland's National Court Register for companies, including the sp. z o.o., and the S24 online registration system.
    Why used: Official reference for Polish limited-liability-company (sp. z o.o.) registration and register entries.

PricewaterhouseCoopers

  • PwC Worldwide Tax Summaries (accessed ; reviewed )— Cross-country reference used to triangulate corporate tax, VAT, and withholding tax rates against primary tax-authority sources.
    Covers: Corporate income tax, VAT, and dividend withholding rates across most covered jurisdictions.
    Why used: Used to triangulate rates against primary tax-authority sources, not as the sole authority.

Rahandusministeerium

Registro Mercantil Central

  • Spanish Central Commercial Register (accessed )
    Covers: Spain's central commercial register, including company name reservation and registration of the SL.
    Why used: Official reference for Spanish limited-liability-company (SL) registration and name clearance.

Republic of Estonia

Republic of Estonia (RIK)

  • Estonian e-Business Register (accessed )
    Covers: Estonian company registration and the online e-Business Register operated by the Centre of Registers and Information Systems.
    Why used: Official reference for Estonian private-limited-company (OÜ) registration and digital filing.

Stripe

  • Stripe — supported countries (accessed ; reviewed )
    Covers: Countries where Stripe supports first-party account creation.
    Why used: Used as the primary signal for the stripeAvailable field driving payments-weighted scorers.

Swift

  • Swift — global payment messaging network (accessed )
    Covers: The Swift network for cross-border interbank payment messaging used outside SEPA.
    Why used: Official reference for how international (non-SEPA) bank transfers are routed.

U.S. Internal Revenue Service

  • Internal Revenue Service — Publication 542 (Corporations) (accessed ; reviewed )— Primary federal reference for the 21% flat corporate income tax rate.
    Covers: US federal corporate income tax treatment for C corporations.
    Why used: Primary-authority reference for the United States corporate tax rate in the dataset.

UAE Ministry of Economy

  • UAE Ministry of Economy — company registration (accessed )
    Covers: UAE federal company-registration framework, including mainland licensing and the broader Free Zone landscape.
    Why used: Official reference for UAE company formation context (mainland LLC and Free Zone entities).

Wise

  • Wise — service availability (accessed ; reviewed )
    Covers: Countries where Wise Business multi-currency accounts are available.
    Why used: Used for the wiseAvailable field, the EMI-fallback signal in banking and payments scorers.

World Bank

  • World Bank — open data and country profiles (accessed ; reviewed )
    Covers: Business-environment and company-formation indicators across economies.
    Why used: Used for formation-friction context in company-formation and startup-cost material.

ePortugal

  • ePortugal — Empresa na Hora (accessed )
    Covers: Portugal's public services portal, including the Empresa na Hora same-day company registration programme.
    Why used: Official reference for Portuguese private-limited-company (LDA) registration.